{"id":2694,"date":"2019-05-10T11:46:24","date_gmt":"2019-05-10T09:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/u57cpxgeg.preview.infomaniak.website\/?p=2694"},"modified":"2019-09-06T09:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-09-06T07:15:09","slug":"dans-lombre-de-son-succes-un-prix-nobel-neuchatelois-revolutionne-lhorlogerie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.neuchateleconomie.ch\/?p=2694","title":{"rendered":"Un Prix Nobel neuch\u00e2telois r\u00e9volutionne l\u2019horlogerie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Si vous vous promenez dans les rues de la Chaux-de-Fonds, il y a fort \u00e0 parier que vous tombiez sur le nom de Charles-Edouard Guillaume<\/strong>. Cela ne vous dit rien\u00a0? Et pourtant. Ce chercheur neuch\u00e2telois au profil discret, a jou\u00e9 au 19e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle un r\u00f4le crucial dans l\u2019essor de l\u2019horlogerie de pr\u00e9cision. Inventeur de deux familles d\u2019alliage<\/strong> encore utilis\u00e9es aujourd\u2019hui, ce natif de Fleurier re\u00e7oit en 1920 la r\u00e9compense ultime pour l\u2019ensemble de ses d\u00e9couvertes\u00a0: le fameux Prix Nobel de physique.<\/p>\n

Un parcours inattendu mais sans faute<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Au c\u0153ur de la vall\u00e9e neuch\u00e2teloise, c\u2019est dans l\u2019atelier de son p\u00e8re horloger que Charles-Edouard Guillaume (CEG) passera toute son enfance. Pr\u00e9destin\u00e9 \u00e0 la vocation horlog\u00e8re familiale, le jeune homme pr\u00e9f\u00e9rera se tourner vers la physique \u00e0 la sortie du gymnase. Apr\u00e8s un doctorat \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Zurich, il se d\u00e9couvre alors une passion pour la m\u00e9trologie<\/strong>, la science de la mesure.<\/p>\n

\"Charles-Edouard
Charles-Edouard Guillaume<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Directement engag\u00e9 au Bureau international des poids et mesures \u00e0 S\u00e8vre, pr\u00e8s de Paris, ce sont ses travaux sur la thermom\u00e9trie, le moyen de mesurer les temp\u00e9ratures et le souci du d\u00e9tail qui vont lui b\u00e2tir une r\u00e9putation.<\/p>\n

\n

Si \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, les unit\u00e9s de temps, grandeurs et temp\u00e9ratures variaient de pays en pays ou de r\u00e9gion en r\u00e9gion, CEG va proposer des comparateurs simples auxquels tout le monde a acc\u00e8s, tels que l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

commente Fran\u00e7ois Goetz, professeur \u00e0 la HE-Arc ing\u00e9nierie de Neuch\u00e2tel,<\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 une v\u00e9ritable vacuit\u00e9 dans le domaine des unit\u00e9s de mesures, Charles-Edouard Guillaume et le Bureau international des poids et mesures vont apporter des solutions, telles que la mise en place d\u2019\u00e9talons ma\u00eetres<\/strong>. Cet organisme mondialement reconnu o\u00f9 CEG travaillera plus de cinquante ans le nommera par la suite directeur entre 1915 et 1936. \u00ab C\u2019est dans cette volont\u00e9 de r\u00e9aliser des mesures tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cises que CEG a \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9 \u00e0 faire ses recherches sur les alliages qui vont le rendre c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00bb, indique Fran\u00e7ois Goetz.<\/p>\n

Des d\u00e9couvertes r\u00e9volutionnaires<\/strong><\/h2>\n

En effet, c\u2019est \u00e0 la base pour r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes en m\u00e9trologie que Charles-Edouard Guillaume va se lancer dans la qu\u00eate fastidieuse de mat\u00e9riaux r\u00e9sistants aux changements de temp\u00e9ratures<\/strong>. Avant ses d\u00e9couvertes, lorsque l\u2019on prenait une barre m\u00e9tallique en Suisse par exemple et que l\u2019on constatait qu\u2019elle mesurait un m\u00e8tre, le m\u00eame objet en Afrique se dilatait sous l\u2019effet de la chaleur ce qui en changeait sa taille.<\/p>\n

Afin de mesurer ces unit\u00e9s uniform\u00e9ment, CEG teste ainsi plus de 600 alliages<\/strong> et met finalement au point en 1896 l\u2019invar (abr\u00e9viation d\u2019invariable). Alliant le fer et le nickel, ce mat\u00e9riau r\u00e9siste enfin \u00e0 toute dilatation ou du moins s\u2019av\u00e8re d\u00e9sormais dix fois moins dilatable que les m\u00e9taux de l\u2019\u00e9poque. Obs\u00e9d\u00e9 par la perfection de la mesure, CEG cr\u00e9e ensuite un deuxi\u00e8me alliage de nickel chrome dot\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9lasticit\u00e9 invariable, connue sous le nom d\u2019Elinvar<\/strong> (abr\u00e9viation d\u2019\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 invariable).<\/p>\n

Des trouvailles qui le rapprocheront enfin du monde de l\u2019horlogerie. Le rythme des horloges \u00e0 pendules d\u00e9pendant de la longueur de la tige du pendule a notamment b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 de ces avanc\u00e9es. Ces tiges en m\u00e9tal \u00e9tant sensibles \u00e0 la chaleur, elles se rallongeaient lors de journ\u00e9es tr\u00e8s chaudes et allaient de ce fait, moins vite qu\u2019\u00e0 la normale. La r\u00e9v\u00e9lation de l\u2019invar sera une r\u00e9volution pour le secteur horloger qui peut d\u00e8s lors proposer des tiges qui ne n\u00e9cessitent plus de r\u00e9glages fr\u00e9quents.<\/p>\n

Pour ce qui est de l\u2019Elinvar, ce sont les montres bracelet qui en profiteront. Le rythme de ces garde-temps \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 par un balancier spiral (une sorte de roue reli\u00e9e au cadre par un spiral en acier qui fait des va-et-vient), lorsque des variations de temp\u00e9ratures se font ressentir, le spiral se ramolli. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019Elinvar, l\u2019\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 du spiral ne change plus et la bo\u00eete \u00e0 rythme de la montre conserve sa constance.<\/strong> L\u2019invention de l\u2019Elinvar a alors permis aux garde-temps de gagner 10 ou 50 fois en pr\u00e9cision. Aujourd\u2019hui encore, la plupart des montres m\u00e9caniques son \u00e9quip\u00e9es de spiraux en alliage proche de celui d\u00e9couvert par CEG.<\/p>\n

Des alliages encore pr\u00e9sents dans notre quotidien<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Outre les montres, le travail de Charles-Edouard Guillaume se retrouve dans de nombreuses applications. Autrefois utile pour l\u2019\u00e9clairage, le m\u00e9tal qui ne se dilate pas a trouv\u00e9 sa fonction dans les lampes \u00e0 incandescence, lors de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation de la temp\u00e9rature d\u00fb au courant \u00e9lectrique. Mais aussi dans les tubes cathodiques des t\u00e9l\u00e9visions d\u2019ancienne g\u00e9n\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n

\n

L\u2019invar a \u00e9galement servi notamment pour r\u00e9gler un probl\u00e8me d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie avec la Tour Eiffel. Un fil a \u00e9t\u00e9 tendu depuis le sol jusqu\u2019au deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tage du monument pour analyser sa d\u00e9formation due \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature et voir comment elle se comportait sous l\u2019effet du vent,<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

raconte le professeur Fran\u00e7ois Goetz. En g\u00e9od\u00e9sie \u00e0 son tour, l\u2019invar a fait ses preuves pour d\u00e9terminer avec encore plus de pr\u00e9cision la forme de la Terre.<\/p>\n

\"cuve
cuve d’un m\u00e9thanier en Invar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

De nos jours, une des grandes applications des recherches de CEG, mis \u00e0 part celle des montres m\u00e9caniques, est dans les cuves des m\u00e9thaniers<\/strong>. Ces navires transportant du m\u00e9thane liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 \u00e0 moins 162 degr\u00e9s, \u00e0 l\u2019image d\u2019un thermos g\u00e9ant, doivent r\u00e9sister \u00e0 toute forme de dilatation. Au final, tous ces cas concrets ne sont que la repr\u00e9sentation du g\u00e9nie dont a fait preuve ce savant si discret qu\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 Charles-Edouard Guillaume.<\/p>\n

\n

Ces travaux atteignent un niveau de perfection quasiment in\u00e9gal\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui,<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

constate Fran\u00e7ois Goetz. Victime de l\u2019anonymat, le travail de CEG reste mis \u00e0 l\u2019honneur au sein de la Fondation du m\u00eame nom, qui se trouve \u00e0 la Chaux-de-Fonds.<\/p>\n

\n

Dates cl\u00e9s\u00a0:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1861\u00a0: <\/strong>Naissance de CEG dans le canton de Neuch\u00e2tel<\/p>\n

1878\u00a0:<\/strong> Admission \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Z\u00fcrich<\/p>\n

1883\u00a0:<\/strong> Entr\u00e9e au Bureau international des poids et mesures<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0: <\/strong>Mise au point de l\u2019invar<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0:<\/strong> Mise au point de l\u2019\u00e9linvar<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0:<\/strong> CEG laur\u00e9at du Prix Nobel de physique<\/p>\n

1938\u00a0: <\/strong>D\u00e9c\u00e8s de CEG \u00e0 S\u00e8vres, en France<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Article r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Julie M\u00fcller<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Si vous vous promenez dans les rues de la Chaux-de-Fonds, il y a fort \u00e0 parier que vous tombiez sur le nom de Charles-Edouard Guillaume. Cela ne vous dit rien\u00a0? Et pourtant. Ce chercheur neuch\u00e2telois au profil discret, a jou\u00e9 au 19e si\u00e8cle un r\u00f4le crucial dans l\u2019essor de l\u2019horlogerie de pr\u00e9cision. Inventeur de deux […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2706,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neuchatel-inside"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn Prix Nobel neuch\u00e2telois r\u00e9volutionne l\u2019horlogerie - invest Neuch\u00e2tel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charles-Edouard Guillaume re\u00e7oit, en 1920, la r\u00e9compense ultime pour l\u2019ensemble de ses d\u00e9couvertes\u00a0: le fameux Prix Nobel de physique.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un Prix Nobel 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