{"id":3864,"date":"2019-09-19T10:46:48","date_gmt":"2019-09-19T08:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/neco\/?p=3864"},"modified":"2019-09-19T10:46:48","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T08:46:48","slug":"neuchatel-nobel-prize-winner-watchmaking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.neuchateleconomie.ch\/?p=3864&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"The unassuming Neuch\u00e2tel Nobel Prize winner who revolutionised watchmaking"},"content":{"rendered":"

If you walk through the streets of Chaux-de-Fonds, there is every chance you will encounter the name of Charles-Edouard Guillaume<\/strong>. It may mean nothing to you, yet in the 19th century this lesser-known Neuch\u00e2tel researcher played a crucial role in the development of precision watchmaking. As the inventor of two families of alloy<\/strong> still used today, this Fleurier native received the ultimate recognition for all his discoveries in 1920, winning the famous Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/p>\n

An unexpected but flawless career path<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In the heart of the Neuch\u00e2tel valley region, Charles-Edouard Guillaume (CEG) spent his childhood in his watchmaker father\u2019s workshop. Predestined for the family watchmaking business, the young man turned instead to physics upon leaving high school. After a doctorate at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, he then developed a passion for metrology<\/strong>, the science of measurement.<\/p>\n

\"Charles-Edouard
Charles-Edouard Guillaume<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Directly employed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in S\u00e8vres, near Paris, it was his work on thermometry, how temperature is measured, and his attention to detail which would establish his reputation.<\/p>\n

\n

While, back then, units of time, sizes and temperatures varied from country to country or from region to region, CEG proposed simple comparators, available to everyone, such as water.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

notes Fran\u00e7ois Goetz, Professor at the HE-Arc School of Engineering in Neuch\u00e2tel<\/p>\n

Faced with real shortcomings in the field of measurement units, Charles-Edouard Guillaume and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures provided solutions, including the introduction of master standards<\/strong>. This world-renowned organisation, where CEG worked for over fifty years, subsequently appointed him as its director from 1915 to 1936.<\/p>\n

\n

This desire to produce highly precise measurements led CEG to carry out the research on alloys which would make him famous,<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

explains Fran\u00e7ois Goetz.<\/p>\n

Revolutionary discoveries<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Indeed, it was essentially to resolve problems of metrology that Charles-Edouard Guillaume would undertake his tireless quest for materials resistant to temperature change<\/strong>. Before his discoveries, if you took a metal bar in Switzerland, for example, and you observed that it measured one metre, the same object in Africa would expand due to the heat, changing its size.<\/p>\n

In order to measure these units uniformly, CEG therefore tested more than 600 alloys<\/strong> and finally, in 1896, developed the Invar (short for invariable). An alloy of iron and nickel, this material was finally able to resist any expansion, or at least proved to be ten times less expandable than the metals of the era. Obsessed by perfect measurement, CEG then created a second nickel-chrome alloy endowed with invariable elasticity, known as Elinvar<\/strong> (short for elastically invariable).<\/p>\n

These findings ultimately brought him closer to the world of horology. The rhythm of pendulum clocks, which depends on the length of the pendulum, notably benefited from these advances. Since these metal rods were sensitive to heat, they would become longer on very hot days and therefore run more slowly than usual. The advent of Invar was a revolution for the clockmaking sector, which could now offer rods no longer requiring frequent adjustment.<\/p>\n

And wristwatches were also able to benefit from Elinvar. Since the rhythm of these timepieces was provided by a coil balance (a sort of wheel connected to the dial by a steel coil moving back and forth), when variations in temperature occurred, the coil would weaken. Thanks to the use of Elinvar, the elasticity of the coil no longer changed and the watch\u2019s time-keeping mechanism could retain its constant rhythm<\/strong>. The invention of Elinvar thus enabled timepieces to become 10 to 50 times more precise. Today, most mechanical watches are still equipped with alloy coils similar to those used by CEG.<\/p>\n

Alloys still present in our daily lives<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In addition to watches, Charles-Edouard Guillaume\u2019s work can be found in a wide range of applications. Formerly useful for lighting, non-expanding metal found its function in incandescent lamps, counteracting temperature rises caused by the electric current, as well as in cathode-ray tubes inside old-generation television sets.<\/p>\n

\n

Invar was also notably used to resolve an engineering problem in the Eiffel Tower, wire was suspended from the ground to the second floor of the monument to analyse its deformation due to temperature and see how it behaved in the wind.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

explains Fran\u00e7ois Goetz. In the field of geodesy, Invar in turn proved invaluable for determining the shape of the Earth with even greater precision.<\/p>\n

\"cuve
Methane tanker made of Invar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Today, one of the major applications of CEG\u2019s research, apart from mechanical watches, is in methane tankers<\/strong>. These ships carry liquid methane at minus 162 degrees, a bit like a giant thermos flask, and must therefore resist any form of expansion. Ultimately, all these concrete examples reflect the genius shown by the unassuming scientist known as Charles-Edouard Guillaume.<\/p>\n

\n

His work achieved a level of perfection almost unrivalled today,<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

observes Fran\u00e7ois Goetz. Despite his anonymity, CEG\u2019s work continues to be honoured by the Foundation of the same name, a name you may encounter along the narrow streets of Chaux-de-Fonds.<\/p>\n

\n

Key dates :\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1861 : <\/strong>Birth of CEG in the canton of Neuch\u00e2tel<\/p>\n

1878\u00a0:<\/strong> Enters the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich<\/p>\n

1883\u00a0:<\/strong> Joins the International Bureau of Weights and Measures<\/p>\n

1895 : <\/strong>Development of Invar<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0:<\/strong> Development of Elinvar<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0:<\/strong> CEG wins the Nobel Prize in Physics<\/p>\n

1938 : <\/strong>Death of CEG in S\u00e8vres, France<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Article written by Julie M\u00fcller<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If you walk through the streets of Chaux-de-Fonds, there is every chance you will encounter the name of Charles-Edouard Guillaume. It may mean nothing to you, yet in the 19th century this lesser-known Neuch\u00e2tel researcher played a crucial role in the development of precision watchmaking. As the inventor of two families of alloy still used […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2706,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neuchatel-inside-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe unassuming Neuch\u00e2tel Nobel Prize winner who revolutionised watchmaking - Service of the Economy - Canton of Neuch\u00e2tel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Charles-Edouard Guillaume received the ultimate recognition for all his discoveries in 1920, the famous Nobel Prize in Physics.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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